Stem cell-derived exosomes offer several advantages over stem cell therapy:

- Non-immunogenic and non-tumorigenic, eliminating concerns about tumor formation after transplantation[1][2]

- Stable for long-term storage and sterilization by filtration[1] 

- Can be administered through various routes, including inhalation[1]

- Can be engineered and modified for drug loading or to display specific molecules[1]

- Inherit therapeutic effects from parent stem cells without the drawbacks of cell therapy[2]

Stem cell-derived exosomes show potential for treating various conditions:

- Hematological diseases, immune disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and tissue injuries[1]

- Orthopedic, neurological, plastic, general, cardiothoracic, urological, and other surgical conditions[2]

- Endocrine disorders like diabetes[3]

- Cancer[3]

- Chronic kidney disease[3]

- Cardiovascular diseases[4]

 The therapeutic effects are mediated through:

- Transfer of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and metabolites to recipient cells[2][3]

- Anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and tissue regenerative properties[2]

- Regulation of cell signaling pathways[2]

- Over 150 clinical trials are investigating exosome-based therapies[1]

- The global exosome market is projected to reach $1.03 billion by 2030[1]

- Exosomes from mesenchymal stem cells are most commonly studied[1][4]

[1] Stem cell-derived exosome versus stem cell therapy

[2] Clinical applications of stem cell-derived exosomes

[3] Therapeutic Applications of Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes

[4] A review on exosomes application in clinical trials: perspective, questions, and challenges

[5] Exosomal therapy—a new frontier in regenerative medicine

[6] The Emerging Role of Exosomes in the Treatment of Human Disorders With a Special Focus on Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Derived Exosomes

[7] Therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in skeletal diseases

[8] Mesenchymal stromal/stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes in clinical trials